Metalurgia-English, książki
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]//-->1.Steel production routes Schematic of typical processing steps in integrated steel mill: ● teelmaking SSteelmaking is the process for producing steel from iron and ferrous ores and scrap. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce different grades of steel. ● econdary metallurgy SThe aims of the secondary metallurgy tratments are: a) To alloy the liquid steel to a specific composition b) A stirring to develop a uniform composition c) Injection treatment to modify the nonmetallic inclusions d) Vacuum degassing to obtain extremely low levels of interstitial elements: C, H ∂and N ● ontinuous casting CCasting methods: a) Top casting b) Bottom casting ● ot rolling H 2.Secondary metallurgy and steel cleanliess: The aims of seconadry metallurgy treatments are: 1 To alloy the liquid steel to a specific composition 2 A stirring to develop a uniform composition 3 To control the temperature prior to casting 4Injection treatment to modify the nonmetallic inclusions 5 Vaccum degassing to obtain extremly low levels of interstitial elements : C,H and N Metallurgical cleanslines: Modification of nonmetallic inclusions ❏after SOLIDIFICATION ❏after HOTROLLING ❏after MODIFICATION 3. Stable and metastable FeC phase diagrams ( wstawiam, jakby ktoś chciał sobie wydrukować) 4. Phases and mixtures of the metastable FeC diagram mieszanina mixture roztwór solution międzywęzłowy interstitial Austenite interstitial solid solution of Coal in γ Iron Ferrite interstitial solid solution of Coal in α Iron Ledeburite eutectic mixture of austenite and cementite Ledeburite II (a.k.a. ledeburyt przemieniony) mixture of cementite and pearlite Pearlite mixture of ferrite and cementite Cementite chemical compound of iron and carbon, with the formula Fe3C 5. Reaction type of the metastable FeC system Ledebutite forms as a result of the eutectic reactions eutectic L→(1148℃)γ4,3eutectoidPerlite forms as a result of the eutectoild reaction: 2,1+Fe3c6,67 γ ,77→(α+Fe3c6,67 727℃)0,02Peritectic δL→ (1495℃)γ ,16 0,09+,996.Crystalization of ferritic steel Liquid → (High Temperature) Ferrite → Austenite → Ferrite 7. Crystallization of hypoeutectoidal steel (Krystalizacja stali podeutektoidalnych) Liquid → Ferrite → Peritectic Transformation → Austenite → Ferrite precipitations → Eutectoid Transformation → Pearlite + Ferrite Ciecz → Ferryt → Transformacja perytektyczna →Austenit → Wydzielenia ferrytu → Transformacja eutektoidalna → Perlit+Ferryt 8. Crystallization of hypereutectoidal steel ( Krystalizacja stali nadeutektoidalnych) Liquid → Austenite precipitations → Austenite → Secondary Cementite precipitations → Eutectoid transformation → Pearlite + Cementite Ciecz→Wydzielenia austenitu→Austenit→Wydzielenia cementytu drugorzędowego → Transformacja eutektoidalna → Perlit + Cementyt 9. Solid solution strengthening and work strengthening Solid solution strengthening dissolved atoms are barriers for dislocation motion. It results from the interaction between: immobile substitutional atoms and moving dislocations intersitial atoms are more mobile and they can move to the dislocation caves and Substitutional alloying elements: Si, P, Mn, Ti, Nb, Mo, Cr Intersitial alloying elements: C, N, Bi, H Work strengthening dislocation formed during cold deformation block each other 10. Precipitation strengthening and grain boundary strengthening Precipitation strenghtening precipitates are barriers for dislocation motion Grain boundary strenghtening grain boudaries are barriers for dislocation motion 11. Uniaxial tensile test and mechanical behaviour of steel. 1.2.3.4. Elastic deformation Plastic deformation Necking Fracture 12. Strengthening mechanisms of steel In general, all strenghthening mechanisms are related to the interaction between different structural components and dislocation motion. etals need dislocations for strengthening! M∙SOLID SOLUTION STRENGTHENING – dissolved atoms are barriers for dislocation motion ∙WORK STRENGTHENING – Dislocations formed during cold deformation block each other ∙PRECIPITATION STRENGHTENING precipitates are a barrier for dislocation motion ∙GRAIN BOUNDARY STRENGTHENING – grain boundaries are barriers for dislocation motion 13. Mechanism and features of pearlitic transformation 14. Mechanism and features of martensitic transformation. [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
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