Metallurgy for the ...

Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist 2nd ed - Arthur C. Reardon (ASM International, !!!Materialy Eng

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//-->Edited byArthur C. ReardonASM International®Materials Park, Ohio 44073-0002www.asminternational.orgCopyright © 2011byASM International®All rights reservedNo part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the copyrightowner.First printing, October 2011Great care is taken in the compilation and production of this book, but it should be made clear that NOWARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OFMERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE GIVEN IN CONNECTIONWITH THIS PUBLICATION. Although this information is believed to be accurate by ASM, ASM cannotguarantee that favorable results will be obtained from the use of this publication alone. This publication isintended for use by persons having technical skill, at their sole discretion and risk. Since the conditions ofproduct or material use are outside of ASM’s control, ASM assumes no liability or obligation in connection withany use of this information. No claim of any kind, whether as to products or information in this publication,and whether or not based on negligence, shall be greater in amount than the purchase price of this product orpublication in respect of which damages are claimed. THE REMEDY HEREBY PROVIDED SHALL BE THEEXCLUSIVE AND SOLE REMEDY OF BUYER, AND IN NO EVENT SHALL EITHER PARTY BE LIABLEFOR SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES WHETHER OR NOT CAUSED BY ORRESULTING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE OF SUCH PARTY. As with any material, evaluation of the materialunder end-use conditions prior to specification is essential. Therefore, specific testing under actual conditions isrecommended.Nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction,in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whether or not covered byletters patent, copyright, or trademark, and nothing contained in this book shall be construed as a defense againstany alleged infringement of letters patent, copyright, or trademark, or as a defense against liability for suchinfringement.Comments, criticisms, and suggestions are invited, and should be forwarded to ASM International.Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Technical Book Committee (2010–2011), Michael J.Pfeifer, Chair.ASM International staff who worked on this project include Scott Henry, Senior Manager of Product andService Development; Eileen De Guire, Senior Content Developer; Steve Lampman, Content Developer; AnnBriton, Editorial Assistant; Bonnie Sanders, Manager of Production; Madrid Tramble, Senior ProductionCoordinator; and Diane Whitelaw, Production Coordinator.Library of Congress Control Number: 2011930444ISBN-13: 978-1-61503-821-3ISBN-10: 1-61503-821-3SAN: 204-7586ASM International®Materials Park, OH 44073-0002www.asminternational.orgPrinted in the United States of AmericaMetallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist, Second EditionA.C. Reardon, editorCopyright © 2011, ASM International®All rights reserved.www.asminternational.orgContentsAbout the Cover ................................................................................................................. viiPreface ............................................................................................................................... viiiAbout the Editor ................................................................................................................... xAbbreviations and Symbols .................................................................................................. xiChapter 1The Accidental Birth of a No-Name Alloy ....................................................... 11.1 Turning Points in Technology.................................................................. 21.2 The Foundations of Innovation ............................................................... 61.3 Continuing Material Innovations ............................................................ 8Structure of Metals and Alloys ....................................................................... 132.1 Profile of the Atom............................................................................... 132.2 Bonding Between Atoms ...................................................................... 152.3 Crystal Structures and Defects ............................................................. 192.4 Crystal Structure of Metals ................................................................... 262.5 Diffusion .............................................................................................. 332.6 Solid Solutions ..................................................................................... 342.7 Allotropy of Iron .................................................................................. 372.8 Melting ................................................................................................ 392.9 Solidification Structures ....................................................................... 422.10 Using Equilibrium Phase Diagrams ...................................................... 442.11 Chemical Thermodyamics.................................................................... 452.12 Phase Changes .................................................................................... 46Mechanical Properties and Strengthening Mechanisms ................................. 493.1 Mechanical Properties ......................................................................... 493.2 Strengthening Mechanisms .................................................................. 59Discovering Metals—A Historical Overview ................................................. 734.1 Native Metals....................................................................................... 734.2 The Bronze Age ................................................................................... 754.3 Making Metals—Extractive Practices .................................................... 76iiiChapter 2Chapter 3Chapter 4iv / Contents4.44.54.6Chapter 5Iron ..................................................................................................... 77Discovery of Modern Metals ................................................................ 81Refining of Metals ................................................................................ 82Modern Alloy Production .............................................................................. 855.1 Effects of Alloying on Solidification...................................................... 865.2 Solidification Structures ....................................................................... 895.3 Melting Furnaces ................................................................................. 935.4 Molten Metal Processing.................................................................... 1005.5 Primary Production Casting ............................................................... 1015.6 Foundry Casting ................................................................................. 1035.7 Nonferrous Casting Alloys.................................................................. 1075.8 Powder Metallurgy............................................................................. 111Fabrication and Finishing of Metal Products................................................ 1176.1 Deformation Processes ...................................................................... 1186.2 Primary Production Mills ................................................................... 1216.3 Forging .............................................................................................. 1246.4 Drawing and Extrusion ...................................................................... 1296.5 Forming ............................................................................................. 1306.6 Powder Metallurgy............................................................................. 1346.7 Material Removal Processes ............................................................... 1366.8 Joining Processes ............................................................................... 139Testing and Inspection of Metals—The Quest for Quality ........................... 1497.1 Metallography .................................................................................... 1507.2 Hardness Testing ................................................................................ 1527.3 Tensile Testing .................................................................................... 1567.4 Fracture Toughness............................................................................. 1597.5 Impact Testing .................................................................................... 1657.6 Fatigue Testing ................................................................................... 1657.7 Nondestructive Testing ....................................................................... 169Steel8.18.28.38.48.5Products and Properties ...................................................................... 175Classifications of Steels ...................................................................... 175Carbon Steels..................................................................................... 180Alloy Steels ........................................................................................ 182Alloying Elements in Steel.................................................................. 185Strength and Toughness...................................................................... 188Chapter 6Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Heat Treatment of Steel ............................................................................... 1979.1 The Iron-Carbon System ..................................................................... 1979.2 Common Phases in Steels .................................................................. 2009.3 Critical Temperatures and Transformation Diagrams ........................... 2109.4 Annealing and Normalizing ............................................................... 2169.5 Types of Annealing Treatments ........................................................... 2189.6 Furnace Heating and Induction Heating ............................................ 2209.7 Hardening and Tempering.................................................................. 226 [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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